Potential side effects of GLP-1's and how to avoid them

Potentially Serious Side Effects

Aspiration

Aspiration occurs when food, liquid, or other substances enter the lungs accidentally. This can lead to coughing, choking, or even serious respiratory infections if not addressed promptly. There is a theoretical risk of aspiration pneumonia in those taking GLP-1s undergoing endoscopic or surgical procedures although the actual risk is still unknown. If you are undergoing one of these procedures, tell all doctors (e.g., surgeon, gastroenterologist, anesthesiologist) involved beforehand so they can take this into account. They may also give you specific instructions, such as skipping a dose of medication before the procedure.

Suicidal Ideation

There have been reports of increased thoughts of self-harm or suicidal behavior in some patients taking GLP-1 medications. This is a rare side effect but requires immediate attention. Patients should be monitored for changes in mood or behavior, especially in the initial stages of treatment, and promptly report any suicidal thoughts or changes in their mood.

Most Common Side Effects

Injection Site Reactions

Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site is common and usually resolves on its own. Rotating injection sites and using proper injection techniques can minimize discomfort.

Nausea

Nausea is one of the most frequently reported side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it may help mitigate nausea. Eating slowly, and stopping at the first sign of fullness, may also decrease the risk of nausea.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is one of the most frequently reported side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it may help mitigate diarrhea. 

Vomiting

Vomiting is one of the most frequently reported side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it may help mitigate vomiting.

Eating slowly, and stopping at the first sign of fullness, may also decrease the risk of vomiting.

Constipation

Constipation is one of the most frequently reported side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it may help mitigate constipation. Drinking enough water and eating foods rich in fiber may also decrease the risk of constipation.

Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain is one of the most frequently reported side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment. Starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it may help mitigate abdominal pain. Eating slowly, and stopping at the first sign of fullness, may also decrease the risk of abdominal pain.

For All Gastrointestinal Issues

 Adjusting diet, increasing fluid intake, and using over-the-counter remedies can provide relief.

Headache

Headaches are another common complaint but are generally mild. Over-the-counter pain relief can be used if necessary.

Fatigue

Some patients report feeling unusually tired. Ensuring adequate rest and consulting a healthcare provider if fatigue persists is recommended.

Less Common Side Effects

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar levels, particularly when combined with other medications like insulin or sulfonylureas. Symptoms include dizziness, sweating, palpitations, shaking, and confusion. Tell your physician before starting a GLP-1 if you are taking medications for diabetes. Report to your physician immediately if you experience these symptoms. It is important to monitor blood sugar levels regularly and adjust medication doses as needed.

Hair Loss

Rapid weight loss associated with GLP-1 use can lead to temporary hair thinning or loss. Nutritional support and proper hair care routines may help manage this side effect.

Tachycardia (increased heart rate)

GLP-1s can increase heart rate in some people. It's important to take your pulse periodically when you take these medications. Tell your doctor about any heart conditions before beginning a GLP-1 or if you experience palpitations or an increase in heart rate of 10 or more beats per minute while taking these medications.

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Symptoms include heartburn and acid reflux. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding trigger foods and eating smaller meals, can help manage GERD symptoms.

Flatulence & Eructation

Increased gas production and belching may occur. Dietary adjustments and avoiding carbonated beverages can reduce these symptoms.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While most side effects of GLP-1 medications are mild and manageable, some may require immediate medical attention. If you experience severe abdominal pain, signs of pancreatitis (such as persistent nausea or vomiting), or thoughts of self-harm, seek medical help immediately.